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Neuroinflammation, the response of the central nervous system (CNS) to disturbed homeostasis, typifies all neurological diseases, including primary-inflammatory, developmental, traumatic, ischemic, neoplastic and neurodegenerative. Disease-associated neuroinflammatory responses may be helpful, harmful or neutral. This Keystone Symposia meeting will: (i) address the developmental roles of neuroinflammatory cells including microglia and blood-brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular elements; (ii) clarify how neuroinflammatory reactions mediate host defense against neuroinvasive microbial pathogens, and also how the response to systemic inflammation affects the neuroinflammatory elements; (iii) specify critically-important neuroinflammatory cells (microglia; astrocytes; NG2+ glia; BBB), receptors (toll-like receptors; inflammasomes; cytokine receptors), signaling pathways and effector mechanisms; and (iv) identify the most salient targets of neuroinflammation (neurons; neural progenitor and stem cells; oligodendroglia) and mechanisms of injury. This meeting will be the first Keystone Symposia meeting on neuroinflammation and will be the first to bring together the many communities of disease-focused neuroscientists and immunologists with an interest in the CNS.