ИСТИНА

The growing interest in the issue of modified climate in cities is due to current trends in the rapid pace of urbanization and climate change, which by the beginning of the 21st century had acquired the status of a key problem. According to NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies the global surface temperature in the past decade is 0.8 C higher than in the early 20th century and notable growth began in 1975 [1]. The transformation of climate processes is particularly evident in cities, where the impact of human activity is multifaceted and manifests itself in a concentrated form. Urban inhabitants are especially vulnerable to current and future climate risks because of the concentration of their social-economic activities in landscapes that are exposed, in particular, to heat waves. [2] The purpose of this study is to determine the urban environment impact on the thermal comfort of a person in the scale of specific urban landscapes. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the urbanization processes combined with global climate change will exacerbate the weather dependence of people. Main goal of this study is investigation of microclimatic processes transformation due to the urban features, selection of areas for research, calculation of thermal comfort conditions and identification of factors affecting thermal comfort changes. We used biometeorological indexes as the modified equivalent physiological temperature mPET and universal thermal climate index UTCI. These indexes were chosen because of its universality and ability to take into account physiological values. Main meteorological variables that affect heat dissipation from the body are air temperature, radiation temperature, humidity and wind speed. With the effect of personal factors like metabolic rate, physical activity and clothing insulation ability, they form six fundamental factors of thermal comfort of a person. [3] The data used in study includes hourly measured meteorological values of 12 cities of Russia from 1966 to 2015 year and 3 cities of Kazakhstan from 2006 to 2018 year. Another input data was obstacle files with geometry of buildings and information about it’s high. The calculations were carried out by the the RayMan model. It is a special software that provides calculation of radiation fluxes with the help of above-mentioned meteorological parameters. It also it takes into consideration urban structures (buildings and trees). In first stage mPET index modeling was assessed in Moscow city. In order to compare trends bioclimatic diagrams for five decades have been constructed. The diagrams are based on a monthly interval and they have frequency classes of thermo-physiological stress levels for PET. The results show that increase in thermal stress begins from the period 1996-2005 and people feel warm in 16% of and hot in 7% of cases. It means that Moscow in comparison with 1966-1975 period has become more stressful at 5%. It is expected that stress conditions will vary in cities and these differences depend on not only geographical position but also on urban morphology, which forms local microclimate. For this reason, evaluation will be provided for the same obstacles. Thus, comparison of Russian cities' meteorogical conditions in the territory of Moscow State university and Kazakhstan cities within the area of hotel Kazakhstan can give a proper assessment and an opportunity to conclude which cities are more comfort for people.