ИСТИНА

Consideration of ecosystem services in different types of environmental and economic assessment of soils and lands (determination of the damage caused by pollution, degradation and littering of land, economic assessment of land degradation based on a comparison of economic indicators of agricultural production under sustainable land management and the “traditional” land use “ ) is often accompanied by economic (monetary) evaluation of these services. Instrumentation of such monetary valuation can be divided into seven blocks (Perman, Ma, Makgilvri, 2006; Bobylev, Khodzhaev, 2004; Bobylev, Zakharov, 2009). 1) method of market prices; 2) the method of transport and travel costs; 3) the method of hedonic pricing; 4) the contingent valuation method; 5) the choice of modeling approach; 6) methods based on the production function; 7) methods based on the evaluation of replacement cost “shadow infrastructure.” Analysis of of all the methods mentioned above allows to formulate some general principles for the valuation of ecosystem services. 1) Translation of ecosystem services in money is carried by searching for market of adequate counterpart in conditions of local economy, and at the current time. All known methods of evaluating ecosystem services somehow satisfy given position. For the most of ecosystem services independent market does not exist, hence the need for simulation appeared, if there is a market, in such generalization it is possible to speak about full compliance with the analog. The only exception here may be a list of methods based on the survey, but we can point out that retrieves information about “willingness to pay” - the essence of all information is the same market analogy, which in this case exists only in the mind of the individual. Thus, the entire set of methods can be classified according to 3 criteria: belonging to the current market, search for an analogue on the existing market, analysis of “non-existent analog” (pic. 1.). This compilation gives us certain discretion in the evaluation of ecosystem services (within the general rules of logic and the theory of assessment), and suggests the possibility of the appearance of an extremely broad spectrum of the total cost of the same ecosystem service evaluation. In the transition from one block to another, the degree of “objectivity” assessment begins to “blur”, which is associated with the choice of analogue and, in the case of methods based on the survey - sample of respondents. Selection of each of the above methods, or establishing a new method based on the baseline criteria is carried out based on range of information available to the researcher. 2) As in the case of assessing the market value, valuation of ecosystem services is carried out only when the investigated system has a utility (the principle of utility in the evaluation) to human. 3) In each case it is necessary to determine their range of ecosystem services and evaluate them based on the realities of the regional economy. Makarov O. - 58 - Two fundamental points should be emphasized in the context of the third principle: All services can be evaluated, but b) the purpose of the study and research object impose restrictions on the specific range of services for the evaluation. In this case - for land degradation assessment, it must be limited to only those services, the characteristics of which changed during the degradation of each individual valued land. In accordance with the principles formulated above the necessary and sufficient set of ecosystem services of soils and lands of Moscow State University UOPEC Chashnikovo was identified: direct provisioning (habitat, source material and energy for land organisms, transformation of surface water to groundwater), protection (barrier biogeocoenosis, absorption and retention of certain gases), maintenance of life, cultural services (educational services, education for students). Economic interpretation of loss of these services, including those based on an assessment of indicators of deterioration of soil fertility and the development measures for the elimination this degradation.