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An X-ray source based on inverse Compton (Thomson) scattering is a novel type of high spectral brightness X-ray sources. The state-of-the-art electron accelerators and high-power lasers have opened the door for using these compact installations in the production of synchrotron-like X-ray beams for many applications at local university and laboratory. The clear and specific advantages of the Compton sources are their ability to generate picosecond X-ray pulses and tunable spectrum with a potential extension of output photon energies towards the region of gamma radiation. The presentation reviews the main principles, layouts and possible applications of Compton X-ray sources. The various design options are presented including electron storage ring-based configuration.