Machine learning methods for estimation the indicators of phosphogypsum influence in soil

Pukalchik, M.A.; Katrutsa, A.M.; Shadrin, D.G.; Terekhova, V.A.; Oseledets, I.V.

Авторы: Pukalchik M.A., Katrutsa A.M., Shadrin D.G., Terekhova V.A., Oseledets I.V.
Журнал: Journal of Soils and Sediments
Том: 19
Номер: First Online
Год издания: 2019
Издательство: Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft AG & Co.
Местоположение издательства: Germany
Первая страница: 2265
Последняя страница: 2276
DOI: 10.1007/s11368-019-02253-2
Аннотация: Purpose The full understanding of the effect of mineral waste-based fertilizer in soil is still unrelieved, because of the extreme complex chemical composition and plethora of their action pathways. The purposes of this paper is to quantify the input of PG into the soil ecosystem process, considering the direct effects of PG as a whole on soil environment using of a plethora of chemical, toxicological, and biological tests. Materials and methods Greenhouse experiment includes different PG doses (0, 1%, 3%, 7.5%, 15%, 25%, and 40%) andtwo-time collection points after treatments—7 and 28 days. For each treatment and each time collection point, we measure(i) soil pH, bioavailable (H20andNH4COOH-extractable) element content (S, P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ba, F); (ii) soilenzyme activities—dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase, FDA; (iii) soil CO2respiration activity with and without glucose addition; (iv) Eisenia fetida, Sinapis alba,and Avena sativa responses. Finally, we combine the ordinary chemical, toxicology, and biological measuring of soil properties with state-of-the-art mathematical analysis, namely (i) support vector machines (used for prediction), (ii) mutual information test (variable importance tasks), (iii) t-SNE and LLEalgorithms (used for unsupervised classification). Results and discussion The results show similarity between the 0%, 1%, and 3% PG treatments in all collection times based on the toxicological and biological properties. Beyond 7.5% PG, some biological test was significantly inhibited in response to trace element stress. Among all tested parameters, soil urease activities, soil respiration activities after glucose addition, S. alba root lengths, and E. fetida survival rates show sensitivity to PG addition. Furthermore, the machine learning algorithms revealed that only several elements (mobile and water-soluble forms of Ca, Ba, Sr, S, and Na; water-soluble F) could be responsible to elevated soil toxicity for those indicators. SVR models were able to predict soil biological and ecotoxicity properties, and increasing numbers of randomly selected training examples from 50 to 90%of initial experimental data significantly improved model performance. Conclusions At this study, we demonstrate benefits of unsupervised machine learning methods for investigating toxicity of man-made substances in soil that can be further applied to risk assessments of various toxins, which are of significant interest to environmental protection.
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Machine learning methods for estimation the indicators of phosphogypsum influence in soilстатья

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