ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF OCEAN ENERGY USING

Govorushko, S.M.

Автор: Govorushko S.M.
Журнал: Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология
Номер: 3
Год издания: 2011
Издательство: Науч.-техн. центр ТАТА
Местоположение издательства: Саров
Первая страница: 66
Последняя страница: 72
Аннотация: The category of non-traditional or alternative power structures includes power plants that use renewable energy sources. One can identify the following sources of energy used in this kind of electroenergetics: 1) solar energy; 2) wind energy; 3) energy of the Earth interior; 4) ocean energy; and 5) energy of biomass. The world technological capacity of renewable energy sources is estimated on the whole as follows (in billion tons of equivalent fuel a year): biomass, 5.6; hydraulic power, 2.8; wind energy, 2.8; geothermal energy; 1.9; thermal sea energy, 0.9; tidal energy, 0.04; solar cells and collectors (decentralized), 2.0; and solar power stations, 4.3. The total value is 20.3 billion tons of the equivalent fuel. The total power generated by all non-traditional sources by the end of 2008 was 280 gigawatts, including the following (gigawatts): wind power, 121; small hydropower, 85; biomass power, 52; solar photovoltaic, grid-connected, 13; geothermal power, 10; concentrated solar thermal power, 0.5; and ocean tidal power, 0.3. The countries that are leaders in the generation of such electric power were: China, USA, Germany, Spain, and India. For the present, the proportion of power generated by non-traditional sources in the world is 3.4% of all power generated. The main sources of ocean energy are tides, waves, currents, temperature and salinity differences. The principal effect of tidal energy stations on the environment is a reduction of natural water exchange between the cut-off water body and the sea, which results in the following: 1) changes in the distribution of current speeds in the bay; 2) redistribution of bottom sediments; 3) decrease in the aqueous medium stability in the bay under the action of land processes; 4) decreases in the amplitude of the bay’s water level variations; and 5) reductions in water turbidity. The influence of wave power engineering on the environment is not great and is expressed as follows: 1) variation in the dynamics of deposit movement within the coastal zone; 2) visual impact; and 3) indirect impact caused by high materials consumption of the wave energy plants. The environmental consequences of operation of salt power plants are as follows: 1) damage to living organisms in the course of water extraction or on membranes; 2) influence on freshwater species when waters of greater salinity are discharged; 3) variations in water circulation, which have an effect on the motion of nutrients and oxygen concentrations; and 4) penetration of toxic biocides used to prevent membrane contamination into the trophic chains. The use of the temperature drop can result in changes in water circulation, disturbances in the biological balance, and climate change. In order to construct such power plants, large quantities of non-ferrous metals (magnesium, titanium, etc.) and new synthetic materials whose production is related to serious environmental contamination will be needed.
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