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BIOMASS ENERGY: DIRECTIONS OF USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESстатья
- Автор: Govorushko S.M.
- Журнал: Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология
- Номер: 4
- Год издания: 2011
- Издательство: Науч.-техн. центр ТАТА
- Местоположение издательства: Саров
- Первая страница: 48
- Последняя страница: 51
- Аннотация: Biomass is organic matter that retains the energy of the Sun owing to the process of photosynthesis. Transformation of biomass occurs in many ways. Finally, it can be present in the form of manure, bird droppings, and domestic waste. Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants. Biomass reserves are equivalent to 1.0 - 1.2 billion tons of petroleum. So far, biomass is mainly used for production of heat energy by three basic processes: (1) direct combustion; (2) biomass fermentation; and (3) use of energy carriers produced in the course of biomass transformation (biogas, spirits, etc.) In the first process, biomass is directly used as a fuel. In the second process, heat released in the course of fermentation by organic waste (manure, droppings, sawdust, etc.) is harnessed. In the third process, such energy carriers as biogas and spirits are extracted from biomass. The generation of electric energy from biomass is possible with the use of the third process. Biogas, which is produced by the fermentation of biomass, consists of 55–75% methane and 25–45% carbon dioxide. Gas yield depends on the content of dry substance and the kind of raw materials used. One ton of cattle manure may provide 50–65 cubic metres of biogas with a methane content of 60%. By using different kinds of plants, one can produce 150–500 cubic metres of biogas with methane contents of up to 70%. The maximal quantity of biogas (1,300 cubic metres), with methane contents of up to 87%, can be obtained from fat. One kind of biogas is landfill gas. It is obtained in the dumps of municipal domestic waste. From 1 cubic metre of biogas, one can obtain from 2 to 3 kilowatt-hours of electric power. There are several techniques for generating electric power from biomass through its gasification. For electric power generation, the following equipment can be used: gas turbine units, steam turbine plants, gas-diesel plants, or internal combustion engines with spark ignition. Power generation from spirits is also possible. The spirits are obtained by way of fermentation of sugar-containing and starch-containing products (cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, and sugar cane). Power generation from biomass is considered to be the most environmentally friendly branch of power engineering, as it contributes to reductions in contamination of the environment with every possible waste (stock raising, domestic activities, forestry, woodworking, etc.). At the same time, in the course of biomass fermentation for the purpose of ethanol extraction, considerable amounts of by-products (flushing waters and distillation residue) are produced that pollute the environment In addition, other impacts include thermal pollution, depletion of soil organic materials, and exhaustion and erosion of the soil.
- Добавил в систему: Говорушко Сергей Михайлович
Прикрепленные файлы
| № | Имя | Описание | Имя файла | Размер | Добавлен |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Полный текст | текст статьи | 3_80_Biomass_energy-text.pdf | 874,6 КБ | 12 февраля 2016 [GovorushkoSM] |