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Lateral migration of 137Cs and other radionuclides is associated with sediment transport in the river basin. River floodplain is the one of major radionuclide sink within the fluvial system. Amount of sediment-associated fallout radionuclides re-deposited within floodplain is strongly depend from morphological characteristics of river valley bottoms, water discharges and turbidity and the distance from the most contaminated area of the river basin. Radionuclide storage within the different floodplain sections and it possible influence on the environment in of two contrasting river basins is discussed, which are the Niida River basin, Japan (Fukushima accident affected area) and the Plava River basin, Russia (Chernobyl accident affected area).